Modernisation without Development, Premature Deindustrialization, Economic Growth and Economic Development: Case of Indonesia
Modernisation without Development, Premature Deindustrialization, Economic Growth and Economic Development: Case of Indonesia
Dini Harmita
Norman Long and Ann Long (1992:18) in Gardner and Lewis (2015) defines modernisation as the visual of development in terms of a progressive movement towards technologically more complex and integrated forms of "modern society". One of the characteristics of the modernisation is industrialization. In the case of developed countries, when they reach the peak of industrialization they will move toward deindustrialization. Due to several reasons including the lack of capital though developing countries have rich natural resources a premature deindustrialization has been identified.
In the case of Rural Java in Indonesia Sajogyo (1972) identified a modernisation without development where the village government as a diffuse, umbrella-like, all-embracing institution at "grass-roots" level in Java has increasingly shown its weaker parts to the demands of rural development. The further development of Java's sugar-industry has in it challenge of opening the way to landowning farmers to become modern sugarcane-farmers in cooperation with the sugar-factory.
In terms of economic growth, Indonesia’s GDP change in 2018 compare to 2017 is 5.2%. It is estimated that the change in 2019 is 5.3% and the change in 2020 is 5.4% (World Bank, 2018). Indonesia is the largest producer of tin and palm oil and the second largest producer of rubber. The strength observed in 2017 has continued into 2018, led by rising investment on the back of higher commodity prices and accelerated infrastructure spending. In terms of economic capital Indonesia is a developing country which aims at becoming a developed country in 2030. In terms of social and cultural capital, since Indonesia has a huge population, it has either the possibility of having a rich social and cultural capital if the people move in positive trends and poor social and cultural capital if the people move in negative trends.
The intervention of technology brought by industrialization remarks the economic development of Indonesia. It will either develop a new line of economic growth or another shape of correlation. In order to operationalize the concepts of economic growth and economic development we can use the industrialization as one of the variables either it is dependent or independent. In the case of Indonesia, after 2000 a premature deindustrialization still cannot be identified because the Government of Indonesia is now still building infrastructures and improving facilities to be like modern society. It is interesting to see the correlation between industrialization and modernisation without development to explain about economic growth and economic development. In the case of Indonesia, my hypothesis will be: The implementation of industrialization in Indonesia caused modernisation without development. Somehow the improvement has been made socially and culturally therefore now we can define that the modernisation happening in Indonesia is with development. Participation of communities is increased. In other words, maybe we can name this modernisation with development as development alternative.
A presidential election in Indonesia has just been completed and it results a current president with the alternative to development approach is re-elected as the president again. Riots happened because the lost candidate couldn't accept their lost. If I can analyze, the lost candidate used the dependency theory to build their vision and mission. They want people to go out from exploitation. They want people to be empowered. The criticism towards the dependency theory is that it doesn't allow the exportation-importation relationship between countries. In my opinion, since I have been raised in the 'facilitation world', of course I agree with empowerment, but we also need to develop relationship with countries either in the forms of export-import (economic) or social and culturally. Therefore, development alternative is the best and most suitable one for Indonesia. I hope this will help Indonesian people to accept the result of the election, whoever they voted.
References
Gardner, Katy and Lewis, David. 2015. Anthropology and Development: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century. London, UK: Pluto Press.
Sajogyo. 1972. Modernization without Development in Rural Java. Bogor, Indonesia: Bogor Agricultural University.
Dini Harmita
Norman Long and Ann Long (1992:18) in Gardner and Lewis (2015) defines modernisation as the visual of development in terms of a progressive movement towards technologically more complex and integrated forms of "modern society". One of the characteristics of the modernisation is industrialization. In the case of developed countries, when they reach the peak of industrialization they will move toward deindustrialization. Due to several reasons including the lack of capital though developing countries have rich natural resources a premature deindustrialization has been identified.
In the case of Rural Java in Indonesia Sajogyo (1972) identified a modernisation without development where the village government as a diffuse, umbrella-like, all-embracing institution at "grass-roots" level in Java has increasingly shown its weaker parts to the demands of rural development. The further development of Java's sugar-industry has in it challenge of opening the way to landowning farmers to become modern sugarcane-farmers in cooperation with the sugar-factory.
In terms of economic growth, Indonesia’s GDP change in 2018 compare to 2017 is 5.2%. It is estimated that the change in 2019 is 5.3% and the change in 2020 is 5.4% (World Bank, 2018). Indonesia is the largest producer of tin and palm oil and the second largest producer of rubber. The strength observed in 2017 has continued into 2018, led by rising investment on the back of higher commodity prices and accelerated infrastructure spending. In terms of economic capital Indonesia is a developing country which aims at becoming a developed country in 2030. In terms of social and cultural capital, since Indonesia has a huge population, it has either the possibility of having a rich social and cultural capital if the people move in positive trends and poor social and cultural capital if the people move in negative trends.
The intervention of technology brought by industrialization remarks the economic development of Indonesia. It will either develop a new line of economic growth or another shape of correlation. In order to operationalize the concepts of economic growth and economic development we can use the industrialization as one of the variables either it is dependent or independent. In the case of Indonesia, after 2000 a premature deindustrialization still cannot be identified because the Government of Indonesia is now still building infrastructures and improving facilities to be like modern society. It is interesting to see the correlation between industrialization and modernisation without development to explain about economic growth and economic development. In the case of Indonesia, my hypothesis will be: The implementation of industrialization in Indonesia caused modernisation without development. Somehow the improvement has been made socially and culturally therefore now we can define that the modernisation happening in Indonesia is with development. Participation of communities is increased. In other words, maybe we can name this modernisation with development as development alternative.
A presidential election in Indonesia has just been completed and it results a current president with the alternative to development approach is re-elected as the president again. Riots happened because the lost candidate couldn't accept their lost. If I can analyze, the lost candidate used the dependency theory to build their vision and mission. They want people to go out from exploitation. They want people to be empowered. The criticism towards the dependency theory is that it doesn't allow the exportation-importation relationship between countries. In my opinion, since I have been raised in the 'facilitation world', of course I agree with empowerment, but we also need to develop relationship with countries either in the forms of export-import (economic) or social and culturally. Therefore, development alternative is the best and most suitable one for Indonesia. I hope this will help Indonesian people to accept the result of the election, whoever they voted.
References
Gardner, Katy and Lewis, David. 2015. Anthropology and Development: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century. London, UK: Pluto Press.
Sajogyo. 1972. Modernization without Development in Rural Java. Bogor, Indonesia: Bogor Agricultural University.
World Bank Group Flagship Report.
2018. Global Economic Prospects: The
Turning of The Tide? Washington DC, USA: International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank).
